Scope: This bibliography contains references to algorithms for face recognition. It is a subset of the Bibliography Face Processing.

Support level: Medium - 2000. This bibliography is medium well supported till the year 2000, i.e. I have collected quite a few references but the collection is not complete.

Publication types: Journal articles only. To keep effort low and quality high, I have confined this bibliography to journal articles only. Red titles indicate survey articles.

Online papers: An 'A' or 'P' (or 'T' for text only) after a reference link indicates that it leads to an abstract or full paper, respectively. Upper case letters refer to online documents provided by a journal, which might be accessible only to subscribers (indicated by a '?'). Lower case letters refer to online documents provided by an author. Also the links at the end of the references are differentiated in this way by upper and lower case letters at the beginning of the words 'abstract.html' etc. and by a '?', if the corresponding document is only accessible to subscribers. The site location is indicated by a preceding .uk, .com, etc.

BibTeX: A bibtex file for the journal article references is also available (compressed and uncompressed).

Feedback: Please feel free to send me any kind of feedback about this bibliography.

Related Resources

• Bibliography Face Processing (a superset of this bibliography)
• Bibliography Facial Feature Finding
• Bibliography Face Coding and Animation
• Bibliography Face Analysis
• Face Recognition Homepage
• Gesture Recognition Homepage

References

1. AdinMoseUllm97

Adini, Y., Moses, Y., and Ullman, S. (July 1997).
Face Recognition: The Problem of Compensating for Changes in Illumination Direction
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):721-732.

2. AibaOhueOshi93.

Aibara, T., Ohue, K., and Oshita, Y. (1993).
Human face profile recognition by a P-Fourier descriptor
Optical Engineering, 32(4):861-863.

3. AlliElli92.

Allinson, N.M. and Ellis, A.W. (1992).
Face recognition: Combining cognitive psychology and image engineering
Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, 4:291-300.

4. Baro79.

Baron, R.J. (1979).
A bibliography on face recognition
The SISTM Quaterly Incorporating the Brain Theory Newsletter, II(3):27-36.

5. Baro81

Baron, R.J. (1981).
Mechanisms of human facial recognition
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 15(2):137-178.

6. BartSejn98.

Bartlett, M.S. and Sejnowski, T.J. (1998).
Learning viewpoint invariant face representations from visual experience in an attractor network
Network: Computation in Neural Systems, 9(3):399-417.
(.edu-abstract.html)

7. BelhHespKrie97

Belhumeur, P.N., Hespanha, J.P., and Kriegman, D.J. (July 1997).
Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):711-720.

8. BiedKalo97.

Biederman, I. and Kalocsai, P. (1997).
Neurocomputational Bases of Object and Face Recognition
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 352:1203-1219.

9. BrucBurtCraw92.

Bruce, V., Burton, A.M., and Craw, I.G. (1992).
Modelling face recognition
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 335:121-128.

10. BrunFala95.

Brunelli, R. and Falavigna, D. (October 1995).
Person Recognition Using Multiple Cues
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 17(10):955-966.

11. BrunFalaPogg+95.

Brunelli, R., Falavigna, D., Poggio, T., and Stringa, L. (1995).
Automatic Person Recognition by Using Acoustic and Geometric Features
Machine Vision and Applications, 8(5):317-325.
(.com-Abstract)

12. BrunMich96.

Brunelli, R. and Mich, O. (1996).
SpotIt! An Interactive Identikit System
Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing: Graphical Models and Image Processing, 58(5):399-404.

13. BrunPogg93a

Brunelli, R. and Poggio, T. (1993 a).
Face Recognition: Features vs. Templates
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 15(10):1042-1052.

14. BrunPogg93b

Brunelli, R. and Poggio, T. (1993 b).
Caricatural effects in automated face perception
Biological Cybernetics, 69(3):235-241.

15. BurtBrucHanc99.

Burton, A.M., Bruce, V., and Hancock, P.J.B. (January 1999).
From pixels to people: A model of familiar face recognition
Cognitive Science, 23(1).
(.org-abstract.html)

16. BurtBrucJohn90.

Burton, A.M., Bruce, V., and Johnston, R.A. (1990).
Understanding face recognition with an interactive activation model
British Journal of Psychology, 81:361-380.

17. ChelWilsSiro95

Chellappa, R., Wilson, C.L., and Sirohey, S. (May 1995).
Human and Machine Recognition of Faces: A Survey
Proceedings of the IEEE, 83(5):705-740.
(.edu-abstract.html)

18. ChenHuan92.

Chen, C.W. and Huang, C.L. (1992).
Human face recognition from a single front view
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 6:571.

19. CostParkCraw94.

Costen, N.P., Parker, D.M., and Craw, I.G. (1994).
Spatial content and spatial quantisation effects in face recognition
Perception, 23(2):129-146.

20. DailCott99.

Dailey, M.N. and Cottrell, G.W. (1999).
Organization of face and object recognition in modular neural network models
Neural Networks, 12(7/8).

21. Daug97

Daugman, J. (July 1997).
Face and Gesture Recognition: Overview
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):675-676.

22. DucFiscBigü99.

Duc, B., Fischer, S., and Bigün, J. (April 1999).
Face authentication with Gabor information on deformable graphs
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 8(4):504-516.
(.ch-paper.ps.gz)

23. FlocGardMaur92.

Flocchini, P., Gardin, F., and Mauri, G. (1992).
Combining image processing operator and neural networks in a face recognition system
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 6:447.

24. FogeVienLamy93a.

Fogelman Soulie, F., Viennet, E., and Lamy, B. (1993 a).
Multi-modular neural network architectures: applications in optical character and human face recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 7:721.

25. FogeVienLamy93b.

Fogelman Soulie, F., Viennet, E., and Lamy, B. (1993 b).
Multi-modular neural network architectures for pattern recognition: Applications in optical character recognition and human face recognition
International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 8:147-165.

26. Galt88

Galton, F. (1888).
Personal identification and description - I
Nature, 38(973):173-177.

27. Galt10

Galton, F. (1910).
Numeralised profiles for classification and recognition
Nature, 83(2109):127-130.

28. GerlLevi97.

Gerl, S. and Levi, P. (1997).
3-D human face recognition by self-organizing matching approach
Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, 7(1):38-46.

29. GoldHarmLesk71

Goldstein, A.J., Harmon, L.D., and Lesk, A.B. (1971).
Identification of human faces
Proceedings of the IEEE, 59(5):748-760.

30. GoldHarmLesk72.

Goldstein, A.J., Harmon, L.D., and Lesk, A.B. (1972).
Man-machine interaction in human-face identification
Bell Syst. Tech. J., 51(2):399-427.

31. GuttWech97

Gutta, S.V.R. and Wechsler, H. (1997).
Face Recognition Using Hybrid Classifiers
Pattern Recognition, 30(4):539-553.

32. HancBrucBurt98

Hancock, P.J.B., Bruce, V., and Burton, A.M. (August 1998).
A comparison of two computer-based face recognition systems with human perceptions of faces
Vision Research, 38(15-16):2277-2288.
(.uk-paper.ps.Z, .uk-paper.ps)

33. HancBurtBruc96.

Hancock, P.J.B., Burton, A.M., and Bruce, V. (1996).
Face processing: Human perception and principal components analysis
Memory and Cognition, 24(1):26-40.
(.uk-paper.ps.Z, .uk-paper.ps)

34. Harm73

Harmon, L.D. (1973).
The recognition of faces
Scientific American, 229(5):71-82.

35. HarmHunt78.

Harmon, L.D. and Hunt, W.F. (1978).
Automatic Recognition of Human Face Profiles
Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 6(2):135-156.

36. HarmKhanLash+81

Harmon, L.D., Khan, M.K., Lash, R., and Ramig, P.F. (1981).
Machine identification of human faces
Pattern Recognition, 13(2):97-110.

37. HarmKuoRami+78.

Harmon, L.D., Kuo, S.C., Ramig, P.F., and Raudkivi, U. (1978).
Identification of human face profiles by computer
Pattern Recognition, 10:301-312.

38. HoweBuxt95

Howell, A.J. and Buxton, H. (1995).
Invariance in Radial Basis Function Neural Networks in Human Face Classification
Neural Processing Letters, 2(3):26-30.

39. HuanChen92.

Huang, C.L. and Chen, C.W. (1992).
Human facial feature extraction for face interpretation and recognition
Pattern Recognition, 25(12):1435-1444.

40. IntrReisYesh96.

Intrator, N., Reisfeld, D., and Yeshurun, Y. (10. January 1996).
Face Recognition by Supervised/Unsupervised Hybrid Network
Pattern Recognition Letters, 17(1):67-76.

41. JiaNixo94.

Jia, X. and Nixon, M.S. (1. June 1994).
Analysing front view face profiles for face recognition via the Walsh transform
Pattern Recognition Letters, 15(6):551-558.

42. JiaNixo95.

Jia, X. and Nixon, M.S. (December 1995).
Extending the Feature Vector for Automatic Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 17(12):1167-1176.

43. KameShenWong+93.

Kamel, M.S., Shen, H.C., Wong, A.K.C., and Campeanu, R.I. (1993).
System for the recognition of human faces
IBM Systems Journal, 32(2):307-320.

44. KameShenWong+94

Kamel, M.S., Shen, H.C., Wong, A.K.C., Hong, T.M., and Campeanu, R.I. (1. September 1994).
Face recognition using perspective invariant features
Pattern Recognition Letters, 15(9):877-883.

45. KangYounPark98.

Kang, S.Y., Young, K.H., and Park, R.H. (March 1998).
Hybrid approaches to frontal view face recognition using the hidden Markov model and neural network
Pattern Recognition, 31(3):283-293.

46. KaufBree76

Kaufman Jr., G.J. and Breeding, K.J. (1976).
The automatic recognition of human faces from profile silhouettes
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 6(2):113-121.

47. KotrTefaPita00.

Kotropoulos, C., Tefas, A., and Pitas, I. (March 2000).
Frontal face authentication using discriminating grids with morphological feature vectors
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 2(1):14-26.

48. KotrTefaPita00a.

Kotropoulos, C., Tefas, A., and Pitas, I. (April 2000 a).
Frontal face authentication using morphological elastic graph matching
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 9(4):555-560.

49. KotrTefaPita00b.

Kotropoulos, C., Tefas, A., and Pitas, I. (October 2000 b).
Morphological elastic graph matching applied to frontal face authentication under well-controlled and real conditions
Pattern Recognition, 33(12):31-43.

50. Krüg97

Krüger, N. (July 1997).
An Algorithm for the Learning of Weights in Discrimination Functions Using A Priori Constraints
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):764-768.
(.de-paper.ps.gz)

51. LadeVorbBuhm+93

Lades, M., Vorbrüggen, J.C., Buhmann, J., Lange, J., von der Malsburg, C., Würtz, R.P., and Konen, W. (March 1993).
Distortion Invariant Object Recognition in the Dynamic Link Architecture
IEEE Transactions on Computers, 42(3):300-311.
(.de-abstract.html, .de-paper.ps.gz)

52. LandEdel95

Lando, M. and Edelman, S. (1995).
Receptive Field Spaces and Class-Based Generalization from a Single View in Face Recognition
Network: Computation in Neural Systems, 6:551-576.
(.il-paper.ps.Z)

53. LaniTaylCoot95

Lanitis, A., Taylor, C.J., and Cootes, T.F. (1995).
Automatic Face Identification System Using Flexible Appearance Models
Image and Vision Computing, 13(5):393-401.

54. LaniTaylCoot97

Lanitis, A., Taylor, C.J., and Cootes, T.F. (1997).
Automatic Interpretation and Coding of Face Images Using Flexible Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):743-756.

55. LawrGileTsoi+98.

Lawrence, S., Giles, C.L., Tsoi, A.C., and Back, A.D. (1998).
Face Recognition: A Convolutional Neural Network Approach
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 8(1):98-113.

56. LeeSeonPark93.

Lee, C.H., Seong, D.S., and Park, K.H. (1993).
Face recognition using self-organizing map
Journal of the Korea Information Science Society, 20(11):1730-1738.

57. LeeHamPark96.

Lee, S.Y., Ham, Y.K., and Park, R.H. (1996).
Recognition of human front faces using knowledge-based feature extraction and neuro-fuzzy algorithm
Pattern Recognition, 29(11):1863-1876.

58. LiQiaoPsal93.

Li, H.Y., Qiao, Y., and Psaltis, D. (1993).
Optical network for real-time face recognition
Applied Optics, 32(26):5026-5035.

59. LinKungLin97.

Lin, S.H., Kung, S.Y., and Lin, L.J. (1997).
Face Recognition/Detection by Probabilistic Decision-Based Neural Network
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 8(1):114-132.

60. Luca97.

Lucas, S.M. (1997).
The continuous N-tuple classifier and its application to face recognition
Electronics Letters, 33:1676-1678.
(.uk-paper.ps)

61. MKennGongRaja98.

McKenna, S., Gong, S., and Raja, Y. (1. December 1998).
Modelling Facial Colour and Identity with Gaussian Mixtures
Pattern Recognition, 31(12):1883-1892.

62. MenoBoud94.

Menon, M.M. and Boudreau, E.R. (1994).
An automatic face recognition system using the adaptive clustering network
The Lincoln Laboratory Journal, 7:89.

63. Mido88.

Midorikawa, (1988).
Face pattern identification by back propagation learning procedure
Neural Networks, 1:515.

64. MoghPent97

Moghaddam, B. and Pentland, A.P. (1997).
Probabilistic Visual Learning for Object Representation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):696-710.

65. NakaMathMina91.

Nakamura, O., Mathur, S., and Minami, T. (1991).
Identification of human faces based on isodensity maps
Pattern Recognition, 24(3):263-272.

66. OToolAbdiDeff+93

O'Toole, A.J., Abdi, H., Deffenbacher, K.A., and Valentin, D. (1993).
Low-Dimensional Representation of Faces in Higher Dimensions of the Face Space
J. of the Optical Society of America A, 10(3):405-411.
(.edu-paper.ps, .edu-paper.ps, .fr-paper.ps)

67. OToolDeffVale+94.

O'Toole, A.J., Deffenbacher, K.A., Valentin, D., and Abdi, H. (1994).
Structural Aspects of Face Recognition and the Other-Race Effect
Memory and Cognition, 22(2):208-224.

68. OToolMillAnde88.

O'Toole, A.J., Millward, R.B., and Anderson, J.A. (1988).
A physical system approach to recognition memory for spatially transformed faces
Neural Networks, 1:179-199.

69. Phil98.

Phillips, P.J. (August 1998).
Matching pursuit filters applied to face identification
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 7(8):1150-1164.

70. PhilWechHuan+98

Phillips, P.J., Wechsler, H., Huang, J.S., and Rauss, P.J. (1998).
The FERET Database and Evaluation Procedure for Face-Recognition Algorithms
Image and Vision Computing, 16(5):295-306.

71. PigeVand98.

Pigeon, S. and Vandendorpe, L. (1. August 1998).
Image-based Multimodal Face Authentication
Signal Processing, 69(1):59-79.

72. Pres65.

Preston Jr., K. (1965).
Computing at the speed of light
Electronics, 38:72-83.

73. Rhod88.

Rhodes, G. (1988).
Looking at faces: First-order and second-order features as determinants of facial appearance
Perception, 17:43-63.

74. RobeCraw94.

Robertson, G. and Craw, I.G. (1994).
Testing face recognition systems
Image and Vision Computing, 12(9):609-614.

75. SakaNagaKido71

Sakai, T., Nagao, M., and Kidode, M. (1971).
Processing of Multilevel Pictures by Computer - The Case of Photographs of Human Face
Systems Computers Controls, 2(3):47-54.

76. SamaIyen92

Samal, A. and Iyengar, P.A. (1992).
Automatic Recognition and Analysis of Human Faces and Facial Expressions: A Survey
Pattern Recognition, 25(1):65-77.

77. SamaYoun94.

Samaria, F. and Young, S. (1994).
A HMM-Based Architecture For Face Identification
Image and Vision Computing, 12(8):537-543.

78. SchrRousTibe91.

Schreiber, A., Rousset, S., and Tiberghien, G. (1991).
Facenet: A connectionist model of face identification in context
European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3(1):177-198.

79. SpacKubaFlot94.

Spacek, L., Kubat, M., and Flotzinger, D. (1994).
Face Recognition Through Learned Boundary Characteristics
Applied Artificial Intelligence, 8(1):149-165.

80. Stri93.

Stringa, L. (1993).
Eyes detection for face recognition
Applied Artificial Intelligence, 7(4):365-382.

81. Taká98.

Takács, B. (December 1998).
Comparing Face Images Using the Modified Hausdorff Distance
Pattern Recognition, 31(12):1873-1881.

82. Tayl67.

Taylor, W.K. (1967).
Machine learning and recognition of faces
Electronics Letters, 3:436-437.

83. TurkPent91

Turk, M. and Pentland, A.P. (1991).
Eigenfaces for Recognition
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(1):71-86.

84. ValeAbdi96

Valentin, D. and Abdi, H. (1996).
Can a linear autoassociator recognize faces from new orientations?
J. of the Optical Society of America A, 13:717-724.
(.edu-paper.ps, .fr-paper.ps)

85. ValeAbdiEdel97.

Valentin, D., Abdi, H., and Edelman, B.E. (1997).
What represents a face: A computational approach for the integration of physiological and psychological data
Perception, 26:1271-1288.
(.fr-abstract.html, .edu-paper.ps, .fr-paper.ps)

86. ValeAbdiEdel+96.

Valentin, D., Abdi, H., Edelman, B.E., and Nijdam, A. (1996).
Connectionism ``face''-off: Different algorithms for different tasks
Psychologica Belgica, 36:65-92.
(.edu-paper.ps, .fr-paper.ps)

87. ValeAbdiOTool94.

Valentin, D., Abdi, H., and O'Toole, A.J. (1994).
Categorization and identification of human face images by neural networks: A review of linear auto-associator and principal component approaches
Journal of Biological Systems, 2:413-429.
(.edu-paper.ps, .fr-paper.ps)

88. ValeAbdiOTool+94

Valentin, D., Abdi, H., O'Toole, A.J., and Cottrell, G.W. (1994).
Connectionist Models of Face Processing: A Survey
Pattern Recognition, 27(9):1209-1230.
(.edu-paper.ps, .fr-paper.ps)

89. Vett98

Vetter, T. (1998).
Synthesis of Novel Views From a Single Face Image
International Journal of Computer Vision, 28(2):103-116.

90. VettHurlPogg95

Vetter, T., Hurlbert, A., and Poggio, T. (1995).
View-Based Models of 3D Object Recognition: Invariance to Imaging Transformations
Cerebral Cortex, 5(3):261-269.

91. VezjStef94.

Vezjak, M. and Stefancic, M. (1994).
An anthropological model for automatic recognition of the male human face
Annals of Human Biology, 21(4):363-380.

92. Wisk99

Wiskott, L. (15. January 1999).
The Role of Topographical Constraints in Face Recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters, 20(1):89-96.
(-abstract, .de-abstract.html, -paper, .de-paper.ps.gz)

93. WiskFellKrüg+97

Wiskott, L., Fellous, J.M., Krüger, N., and von der Malsburg, C. (July 1997).
Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):775-779.
(-abstract, .de-abstract.html, .de-paper.ps.gz)

94. Wood97

Woodward, J.D. (1997).
Biometrics: Privacy's Foe or Privacy's Friend?
Proceedings of the IEEE, 85(9):1480-1492.

95. WuHuan90.

Wu, C.J. and Huang, J.S. (1990).
Human face profile recognition by computer
Pattern Recognition, 23(3/4):255-259.

96. Würt97

Würtz, R.P. (July 1997).
Object Recognition Robust Under Translations, Deformations, and Changes in Background
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):769-775.
(-abstract, .de-abstract.html, .de-paper.ps.gz)

97. YounBurt99.

Young, A.W. and Burton, A.M. (1. February 1999).
Simulating face recognition: Implications for modelling cognition
Cognitive Neuropsychology, 16(1):1-48.

98. Yuil91

Yuille, A.L. (1991).
Deformable Templates for Face Recognition
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(1):59-70.

99. ZhanYanLade97

Zhang, J., Yan, Y., and Lades, M. (September 1997).
Face Recognition: Eigenface, Elastic Matching, and Neural Nets
Proceedings of the IEEE, 85(9):1423-1435.

100. ZhanFulc96.

Zhang, M. and Fulcher, J. (1996).
Face Recognition Using Artificial Neural Network Group-Based Adaptive Tolerance (GAT) Trees
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 7(3):555-567.

Author Index

165 authors, 33 (20%) with homepage. First author references are printed boldface.

Year Index

Journal Index

The numbers in the columns `R', `A', and `P' indicate the year from which on you can expect to find online references, abstracts, and papers, respectively. A '?' indicates documents, that may be accessible only to subscribers.

50 journals, 23 (46%) with homepage.