Scope: This bibliography contains references to algorithms for finding faces and facial features.

Support level: Low - 1998. This bibliography is not well supported. It contains references to papers I happened to have and references I came across while maintaining other bibliographies.

Publication types: All. This bibliography may also contain non-journal references, which are shown in grey and are not included in the bibtex file. Red titles indicate survey articles.

Online papers: An 'A' or 'P' (or 'T' for text only) after a reference link indicates that it leads to an abstract or full paper, respectively. Upper case letters refer to online documents provided by a journal, which might be accessible only to subscribers (indicated by a '?'). Lower case letters refer to online documents provided by an author. Also the links at the end of the references are differentiated in this way by upper and lower case letters at the beginning of the words 'abstract.html' etc. and by a '?', if the corresponding document is only accessible to subscribers. The site location is indicated by a preceding .uk, .com, etc.

BibTeX: A bibtex file for the journal article references is also available (compressed and uncompressed).

Feedback: Please feel free to send me any kind of feedback about this bibliography.

Related Resources

• Bibliography Face Processing (a superset of this bibliography)
• Bibliography Face Coding and Animation
• Bibliography Face Analysis
• Bibliography Face Recognition
• Facial Analysis page at UCSC

References

1. AkamSasaFuka+93.

Akamatsu, S., Sasaki, T., Fukamachi, H., and Suenaga, Y. (1993).
Automatic extraction of target images for face identification using sub-space classification
IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems (D), E76-D(10):1190-1198.

2. AzarStarHoro+93.

Azarbayejani, A., Starner, T., Horowitz, B., and Pentland, A.P. (June 1993).
Visually Controlled Graphics
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 15(6):602-605.

3. Brun97.

Brunelli, R. (1997).
Estimation of Pose and Illuminant Direction for Face Processing
Image and Vision Computing, 15:741-748.

4. BureCare94.

Burel, G. and Carel, D. (1. October 1994).
Detection and localization of faces on digital images
Pattern Recognition Letters, 15(10):963-967.

5. ChowLi93.

Chow, G. and Li, X. (1993).
Towards a system for automatic facial feature detection
Pattern Recognition, 26(12):1739-1755.

6. CornClar93.

Corney, J. and Clark, D.E.R. (1993).
Face-based feature recognition: Generalizing special cases
International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacture, 6(1/2):39-50.

7. CrawElliLish87.

Craw, I.G., Ellis, H., and Lishman, J. (1987).
Automatic extraction of facial features
Pattern Recognition Letters, 5(2):183-187.

8. FiscElsc71.

Fischler, M.A. and Elschlager, R.A. (1971).
The representation and matching of pictorial structures
IEEE Transactions on Computers, 22(1).

9. FukuMura93.

Fukuhara, T. and Murakami, T. (1993).
3-D motion estimation of human head for model-based image coding
IEE Proceedings I (Communications, Speech and Vision), 140(1):26-35.

10. GeeCipo94.

Gee, A. and Cipolla, R. (1994).
Determining the Gaze of Faces in Images
Image and Vision Computing, 12:639-948.

11. GongMKenn99.

Gong, S. and McKenna, S. (1999).
Real time pose estimation
International Journal on Real Time Imaging, (in press).

12. HaraJooLee+89.

Haralick, R.M., Joo, H., Lee, C.B., Zhuang, X., Vaidya, V.G., and Kim, M.B. (1989).
Pose estimation from corresponding point data
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 19(6):1426-1446.

13. HuanChen92.

Huang, C.L. and Chen, C.W. (1992).
Human facial feature extraction for face interpretation and recognition
Pattern Recognition, 25(12):1435-1444.

14. KervDavoPere+97.

Kervrann, C., Davoine, F., Perez, P., Forchheimer, R., and Labit, C. (1. September 1997).
Generalized Likelihood Ratio-Based Face Detection and extraction of Mouth Features
Pattern Recognition Letters, 18(9):899-912.

15. KrügPötzVDMals97

Krüger, N., Pötzsch, M., and von der Malsburg, C. (1997).
Determination of Face Position and Pose with a Learned Representation Based on Labelled Graphs
Image and Vision Computing, 15:665-673.
(.de-paper.ps.gz)

16. LaniTaylCoot94.

Lanitis, A., Taylor, C.J., and Cootes, T.F. (1994).
Automatic Tracking, Coding and Reconstruction of Human Faces Using Flexible Appearance Models
Electronics Letters, 30(19):1578-1579.

17. LeeKimPark96.

Lee, C.H., Kim, J.S., and Park, K.H. (1996).
Automatic Human Face Location in a Complex Background Using Motion and Color Information
Pattern Recognition, 29(11):1877-1889.

18. LinKungLin97.

Lin, S.H., Kung, S.Y., and Lin, L.J. (1997).
Face Recognition/Detection by Probabilistic Decision-Based Neural Network
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 8(1):114-132.

19. MuLiForc96.

Mu, F., Li, H.Y., and Forchheimer, R. (23. May 1996).
Automatic Extraction of Human Facial Features
Signal Processing: Image Communication, 8(4):309-326.

20. ReinVBeekSank+95.

Reinders, M.J.T., van Beek, P.J.L., Sankur, B., and van der Lubbe, J.C.A. (28. March 1995).
Facial feature localization and adaptation of a generic face model for model-based coding
Signal Processing: Image Communication, 7(1):57-74.

21. RowlBaluKana98.

Rowley, H.A., Baluja, S., and Kanade, T. (January 1998).
Neural Network-Based Face Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20(1):23-38.

22. SabeTeka98.

Saber, E. and Tekalp, A.M. (30. June 1998).
Frontal-view face detection and facial feature extraction using color, shape and symmetry based cost functions
Pattern Recognition Letters, 19(8):669-680.

23. Sefe91.

Seferidis, V. (1991).
Facial feature estimation for model-based coding
Electronics Letters, 27(24):2226-2228..

24. SoboPita97.

Sobottka, K. and Pitas, I. (1997).
Looking for Faces and Facial Features in Color Images
Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis: Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications, 7(1):124-137.
(.ch-paper.ps.gz)

25. SoboPita98.

Sobottka, K. and Pitas, I. (15. June 1998).
A novel method for automatic face segmentation, facial feature extraction and tracking
Signal Processing: Image Communication, 12(3):263-281.
(-paper, .ch-paper.ps.gz)

26. Stri93.

Stringa, L. (1993).
Eyes detection for face recognition
Applied Artificial Intelligence, 7(4):365-382.

27. SungPogg97.

Sung, K.K. and Poggio, T. (1997).
Example-Based Learning for View-Based Human Face Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20(1):39-51.

28. TakáWech97.

Takács, B. and Wechsler, H. (October 1997).
Detection of Faces and Facial Landmarks Using Iconic Filter Banks
Pattern Recognition, 30(10):1623-1636.

29. WaitVinc92.

Waite, J. and Vincent, J. (1992).
A probabilistic framework for neural network facial feature location
British Telecom Technology Journal, 10(3):20-29.

30. WaitWels90.

Waite, J. and Welsh, W.J. (1990).
Head boundary location using snakes
British Telecom Technology Journal, 8(3):127-136.

31. YacoDavi94.

Yacoob, Y. and Davis, L.S. (1994).
Labeling of human face components from range data
Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing: Image Understanding, 60(2):168-178.

32. YangHuan94.

Yang, G.Z. and Huang, T.S. (1994).
Human face detection in a complex background
Pattern Recognition, 27(1):53-63.

33. YuilHallCohe92.

Yuille, A.L., Hallinan, P.W., and Cohen, D.S. (1992).
Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates
International Journal of Computer Vision, 8(2):99-111.

Author Index

80 authors, 14 (17%) with homepage. First author references are printed boldface.

Year Index

Journal Index

The numbers in the columns `R', `A', and `P' indicate the year from which on you can expect to find online references, abstracts, and papers, respectively. A '?' indicates documents, that may be accessible only to subscribers.

18 journals, 6 (33%) with homepage.