Scope: This bibliography contains references to algorithms for face processing in general, such as recognition, analysis, animation, representation.

Support level: Mixed - 2000. This bibliography is a combination of several related bibliographies. Its support level is therefore mixed and depends on the support levels of the sub-bibliographies.

Publication types: Journal articles only. To keep effort low and quality high, I have confined this bibliography to journal articles only. Red titles indicate survey articles.

Online papers: An 'A' or 'P' (or 'T' for text only) after a reference link indicates that it leads to an abstract or full paper, respectively. Upper case letters refer to online documents provided by a journal, which might be accessible only to subscribers (indicated by a '?'). Lower case letters refer to online documents provided by an author. Also the links at the end of the references are differentiated in this way by upper and lower case letters at the beginning of the words 'abstract.html' etc. and by a '?', if the corresponding document is only accessible to subscribers. The site location is indicated by a preceding .uk, .com, etc.

BibTeX: A bibtex file for the journal article references is also available (compressed and uncompressed).

Feedback: Please feel free to send me any kind of feedback about this bibliography.

Related Resources

• Bibliography Facial Feature Finding (a subset of this bibliography)
• Bibliography Face Coding and Animation (a subset of this bibliography)
• Bibliography Face Analysis (a subset of this bibliography)
• Bibliography Face Recognition (a subset of this bibliography)
• Face Recognition Homepage
• Bibliography on Facial Animation by Marcel Reinders

References

1. AbdiValeEdel98.

Abdi, H., Valentin, D., and Edelman, B.E. (1998).
Eigenfeatures as intermediate level representations: The case for PCA models
Brain and Behavioral Sciences, 21:17-18.
(.edu-paper.ps, .fr-paper.ps)

2. AbdiValeEdel+95.

Abdi, H., Valentin, D., Edelman, B.E., and O'Toole, A.J. (1995).
More about the difference between men and women: Evidence from linear neural networks and the principal component approach
Perception, 24:539-562.
(.edu-paper.ps, .fr-paper.ps)

3. AdinMoseUllm97

Adini, Y., Moses, Y., and Ullman, S. (July 1997).
Face Recognition: The Problem of Compensating for Changes in Illumination Direction
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):721-732.

4. AibaOhueOshi93.

Aibara, T., Ohue, K., and Oshita, Y. (1993).
Human face profile recognition by a P-Fourier descriptor
Optical Engineering, 32(4):861-863.

5. AizaHaraSait89.

Aizawa, K., Harashima, H., and Saito, T. (1989).
Model-based analysis synthesis image coding (MBASIC) system for a person's face
Signal Processing: Image Communication, 1(2):139-152.

6. AkamSasaFuka+93.

Akamatsu, S., Sasaki, T., Fukamachi, H., and Suenaga, Y. (1993).
Automatic extraction of target images for face identification using sub-space classification
IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems (D), E76-D(10):1190-1198.

7. AkimSuenWall93

Akimoto, T., Suenaga, Y., and Wallace, R.S. (1993).
Automatic Creation of 3D Facial Models
IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications, 13(3):16-22.

8. AlliElli92.

Allinson, N.M. and Ellis, A.W. (1992).
Face recognition: Combining cognitive psychology and image engineering
Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, 4:291-300.

9. AradDynReis+94.

Arad, N., Dyn, N., Reisfeld, D., and Yeshurun, Y. (1994).
Image Warping by Radial Basis Functions: Application to Facial Expressions
Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing: Graphical Models and Image Processing, 56(2):161-172.

10. AraiKuriAnjy96.

Arai, K., Kurihara, T., and Anjyo, K.I. (1996).
Bilinear interpolation for facial expression and metamorphosis in real-time animation
The Visual Computer, 12(3):105-116.

11. AticGrifRedl96

Atick, J.J., Griffin, P.A., and Redlich, A.N. (15. August 1996).
Statistical Approach to Shape from Shading: Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Face Surfaces from Single Two-Dimensional Images
Neural Computation, 8(6):1321-1340.
(.edu-text.ps.Z, .edu-figures.tar.Z)

12. AzarStarHoro+93.

Azarbayejani, A., Starner, T., Horowitz, B., and Pentland, A.P. (June 1993).
Visually Controlled Graphics
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 15(6):602-605.

13. Baro79.

Baron, R.J. (1979).
A bibliography on face recognition
The SISTM Quaterly Incorporating the Brain Theory Newsletter, II(3):27-36.

14. Baro81

Baron, R.J. (1981).
Mechanisms of human facial recognition
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 15(2):137-178.

15. BartHageEkma+99.

Bartlett, M.S., Hager, J.C., Ekman, P., and Sejnowski, T.J. (1999).
Measuring facial expressions by computer image analysis
Psychophysiology, 36(2):253-263.
(.edu-abstract.html)

16. BartSejn98.

Bartlett, M.S. and Sejnowski, T.J. (1998).
Learning viewpoint invariant face representations from visual experience in an attractor network
Network: Computation in Neural Systems, 9(3):399-417.
(.edu-abstract.html)

17. BelhHespKrie97

Belhumeur, P.N., Hespanha, J.P., and Kriegman, D.J. (July 1997).
Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):711-720.

18. BensPerr93.

Benson, P.J. and Perrett, D.I. (1993).
Extracting prototypical facial images from exemplars
Perception, 22:257-262.
(.uk-abstract.html)

19. BeymPogg96

Beymer, D. and Poggio, T. (28. June 1996).
Image Representation for Visual Learning
Science, 272(5270):1905-1909.
(.org-abstract)

20. BichPent94.

Bichsel, M. and Pentland, A.P. (1994).
Human face recognition and the face image set's topology
Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing: Image Understanding, 59(2):254-261.

21. BiedKalo97.

Biederman, I. and Kalocsai, P. (1997).
Neurocomputational Bases of Object and Face Recognition
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 352:1203-1219.

22. BlacYaco97.

Black, M.J. and Yacoob, Y. (1997).
Recognizing facial expressions in image sequences using local parameterized models of image motion
International Journal of Computer Vision, 25(1):23-48.

23. BozdTekaOnur94.

Bozdagi, G., Tekalp, A.M., and Onural, L. (1994).
3-D Motion Estimation and Wireframe Model Adaptation Including Photometric Effects for Model-Based Coding of Facial Image Sequences
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 4(3):246-257.

24. BrucBurtCraw92.

Bruce, V., Burton, A.M., and Craw, I.G. (1992).
Modelling face recognition
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 335:121-128.

25. BrucBurtHann+93.

Bruce, V., Burton, A.M., Hanna, E., Healey, P., Mason, O., Coombes, A.M., Fright, R., and Linney, A.D. (1993).
Sex discrimination: How do we tell the difference between male and female faces?
Perception, 22:131-152.

26. BrucCoomRich93.

Bruce, V., Coombes, A.M., and Richards, R. (1993).
Describing the shapes of faces using surface primitives
Image and Vision Computing, 11(6):353-363.

27. Brun97.

Brunelli, R. (1997).
Estimation of Pose and Illuminant Direction for Face Processing
Image and Vision Computing, 15:741-748.

28. BrunFala95.

Brunelli, R. and Falavigna, D. (October 1995).
Person Recognition Using Multiple Cues
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 17(10):955-966.

29. BrunFalaPogg+95.

Brunelli, R., Falavigna, D., Poggio, T., and Stringa, L. (1995).
Automatic Person Recognition by Using Acoustic and Geometric Features
Machine Vision and Applications, 8(5):317-325.
(.com-Abstract)

30. BrunMich96.

Brunelli, R. and Mich, O. (1996).
SpotIt! An Interactive Identikit System
Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing: Graphical Models and Image Processing, 58(5):399-404.

31. BrunPogg93a

Brunelli, R. and Poggio, T. (1993 a).
Face Recognition: Features vs. Templates
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 15(10):1042-1052.

32. BrunPogg93b

Brunelli, R. and Poggio, T. (1993 b).
Caricatural effects in automated face perception
Biological Cybernetics, 69(3):235-241.

33. Bruv96.

Bruvel, G. (1996).
Making faces
Computer Graphics World, 19(1):66-69.

34. BureCare94.

Burel, G. and Carel, D. (1. October 1994).
Detection and localization of faces on digital images
Pattern Recognition Letters, 15(10):963-967.

35. Burt94.

Burton, A.M. (1994).
Learning new faces in an interactive activation and competition model
Visual Cognition, 1.

36. BurtBrucDenc93

Burton, A.M., Bruce, V., and Dench, N. (1993).
What's the difference between men and women? Evidence from facial measurement
Perception, 22:153-176.

37. BurtBrucHanc99.

Burton, A.M., Bruce, V., and Hancock, P.J.B. (January 1999).
From pixels to people: A model of familiar face recognition
Cognitive Science, 23(1).
(.org-abstract.html)

38. BurtBrucJohn90.

Burton, A.M., Bruce, V., and Johnston, R.A. (1990).
Understanding face recognition with an interactive activation model
British Journal of Psychology, 81:361-380.

39. CampLinnMoss93.

Campos, J.C., Linney, A.D., and Moss, J.P. (1993).
The analysis of facial profiles using scale-space techniques
Pattern Recognition, 26(6):819-824.

40. ChelWilsSiro95

Chellappa, R., Wilson, C.L., and Sirohey, S. (May 1995).
Human and Machine Recognition of Faces: A Survey
Proceedings of the IEEE, 83(5):705-740.
(.edu-abstract.html)

41. ChenHuan92.

Chen, C.W. and Huang, C.L. (1992).
Human face recognition from a single front view
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 6:571.

42. ChoiAizaHara+94

Choi, C.S., Aizawa, K., Harashima, H., and Takebe, T. (1994).
Analysis and Synthesis of Facial Image Sequences in Model-Based Image Coding
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 4(3):257-275.

43. ChowLi93.

Chow, G. and Li, X. (1993).
Towards a system for automatic facial feature detection
Pattern Recognition, 26(12):1739-1755.

44. CoheMass90.

Cohen, M.M. and Massaro, D.W. (1990).
Synthesis of Visible Speech
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 22(2):260-263.

45. CohnZlocLien+99.

Cohn, J.F., Zlochower, A., Lien, J.J.J., and Kanade, T. (1999).
Automated face analysis by feature point tracking has high concurrent validity with manual FACS coding
Psychophysiology, 36(1):35-43.
(.gov-abstract, .edu-paper.pdf)

46. CoomMossLinn+91.

Coombes, A.M., Moss, J.P., Linney, A.D., Richards, R., and Jasmes, D.R. (1991).
A mathematical method for the comparison of three-dimensional changes in the facial surface
European Journal of Orthodontics, 13:95-110.

47. CornClar93.

Corney, J. and Clark, D.E.R. (1993).
Face-based feature recognition: Generalizing special cases
International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacture, 6(1/2):39-50.

48. CostParkCraw94.

Costen, N.P., Parker, D.M., and Craw, I.G. (1994).
Spatial content and spatial quantisation effects in face recognition
Perception, 23(2):129-146.

49. CrawElliLish87.

Craw, I.G., Ellis, H., and Lishman, J. (1987).
Automatic extraction of facial features
Pattern Recognition Letters, 5(2):183-187.

50. DailCott99.

Dailey, M.N. and Cottrell, G.W. (1999).
Organization of face and object recognition in modular neural network models
Neural Networks, 12(7/8).

51. Daug97

Daugman, J. (July 1997).
Face and Gesture Recognition: Overview
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):675-676.

52. DPaol91.

DiPaola, S. (1991).
Extending the range of facial types
The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation, 2(4):129-131.

53. DucFiscBigü99.

Duc, B., Fischer, S., and Bigün, J. (April 1999).
Face authentication with Gabor information on deformable graphs
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 8(4):504-516.
(.ch-paper.ps.gz)

54. DuffYau88.

Duffy, N.D. and Yau, J.F.S. (1988).
Facial image reconstruction and manipulation from measurements obtained using a structured lighting technique
Pattern Recognition Letters, 7:239-243.

55. EdelValeAbdi98.

Edelman, B.E., Valentin, D., and Abdi, H. (1998).
Sex Classification of Face Areas: How Well Can a Linear Neural Network Predict Human Performance?
Journal of Biological Systems, 6:241-264.
(.fr-paper.ps, .edu-paper.ps)

56. EiseGiro98.

Eisert, P. and Girod, B. (1998).
Analyzing Facial Expression for Virtual Conferencing
IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications, 18(5).

57. EssaPent97

Essa, I.A. and Pentland, A.P. (1997).
Coding, Analysis, Interpretation, and Recognition of Facial Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):757-763.
(.edu-paper.ps.Z)

58. Fell97.

Fellous, J.M. (1997).
Gender Discrimination and Prediction on the Basis of Facial Metric Information
Vision Research, 37(14):1961-1973.

59. FiscElsc71.

Fischler, M.A. and Elschlager, R.A. (1971).
The representation and matching of pictorial structures
IEEE Transactions on Computers, 22(1).

60. FlocGardMaur92.

Flocchini, P., Gardin, F., and Mauri, G. (1992).
Combining image processing operator and neural networks in a face recognition system
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 6:447.

61. FlocGardMaur+92.

Flocchini, P., Gardin, F., Mauri, G., Pensini, M.P., and Stofella, P. (1992).
Combining image processing operators and neural networks in a face recognition system
International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 6:447-467.

62. FogeVienLamy93a.

Fogelman Soulie, F., Viennet, E., and Lamy, B. (1993 a).
Multi-modular neural network architectures: applications in optical character and human face recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 7:721.

63. FogeVienLamy93b.

Fogelman Soulie, F., Viennet, E., and Lamy, B. (1993 b).
Multi-modular neural network architectures for pattern recognition: Applications in optical character recognition and human face recognition
International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 8:147-165.

64. ForcKron89.

Forchheimer, R. and Kronander, T. (1989).
Image Coding - From Waveforms to Animation
IEEE Transactions on Acoust. Speech and Signal Process., 37(12):2008-2023.

65. FukuMura93.

Fukuhara, T. and Murakami, T. (1993).
3-D motion estimation of human head for model-based image coding
IEE Proceedings I (Communications, Speech and Vision), 140(1):26-35.

66. Galt88

Galton, F. (1888).
Personal identification and description - I
Nature, 38(973):173-177.

67. Galt10

Galton, F. (1910).
Numeralised profiles for classification and recognition
Nature, 83(2109):127-130.

68. GeeCipo94.

Gee, A. and Cipolla, R. (1994).
Determining the Gaze of Faces in Images
Image and Vision Computing, 12:639-948.

69. GerlLevi97.

Gerl, S. and Levi, P. (1997).
3-D human face recognition by self-organizing matching approach
Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, 7(1):38-46.

70. GoldHarmLesk71

Goldstein, A.J., Harmon, L.D., and Lesk, A.B. (1971).
Identification of human faces
Proceedings of the IEEE, 59(5):748-760.

71. GoldHarmLesk72.

Goldstein, A.J., Harmon, L.D., and Lesk, A.B. (1972).
Man-machine interaction in human-face identification
Bell Syst. Tech. J., 51(2):399-427.

72. GongMKenn99.

Gong, S. and McKenna, S. (1999).
Real time pose estimation
International Journal on Real Time Imaging, (in press).

73. GrayLawrGolo+95

Gray, M.S., Lawrence, D.T., Golomb, B.A., and Sejnowski, T.J. (November 1995).
A perceptron reveals the face of sex
Neural Computation, 7(6):1160-1164.
(.edu-abstract, .edu-paper.ps.Z)

74. GuttWech97

Gutta, S.V.R. and Wechsler, H. (1997).
Face Recognition Using Hybrid Classifiers
Pattern Recognition, 30(4):539-553.

75. HancBrucBurt98

Hancock, P.J.B., Bruce, V., and Burton, A.M. (August 1998).
A comparison of two computer-based face recognition systems with human perceptions of faces
Vision Research, 38(15-16):2277-2288.
(.uk-paper.ps.Z, .uk-paper.ps)

76. HancBurtBruc96.

Hancock, P.J.B., Burton, A.M., and Bruce, V. (1996).
Face processing: Human perception and principal components analysis
Memory and Cognition, 24(1):26-40.
(.uk-paper.ps.Z, .uk-paper.ps)

77. HaraJooLee+89.

Haralick, R.M., Joo, H., Lee, C.B., Zhuang, X., Vaidya, V.G., and Kim, M.B. (1989).
Pose estimation from corresponding point data
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 19(6):1426-1446.

78. HaraAizaSait89.

Harashima, H., Aizawa, K., and Saito, T. (1989).
Model-based analysis synthesis coding of videotelephone images
Transactions Of the Institute of Electronics and Communication Engineers of Japan, E-72(5):452-459.

79. Harm73

Harmon, L.D. (1973).
The recognition of faces
Scientific American, 229(5):71-82.

80. HarmHunt78.

Harmon, L.D. and Hunt, W.F. (1978).
Automatic Recognition of Human Face Profiles
Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 6(2):135-156.

81. HarmKhanLash+81

Harmon, L.D., Khan, M.K., Lash, R., and Ramig, P.F. (1981).
Machine identification of human faces
Pattern Recognition, 13(2):97-110.

82. HarmKuoRami+78.

Harmon, L.D., Kuo, S.C., Ramig, P.F., and Raudkivi, U. (1978).
Identification of human face profiles by computer
Pattern Recognition, 10:301-312.

83. HoweBuxt95

Howell, A.J. and Buxton, H. (1995).
Invariance in Radial Basis Function Neural Networks in Human Face Classification
Neural Processing Letters, 2(3):26-30.

84. HuanChen92.

Huang, C.L. and Chen, C.W. (1992).
Human facial feature extraction for face interpretation and recognition
Pattern Recognition, 25(12):1435-1444.

85. IntrReisYesh96.

Intrator, N., Reisfeld, D., and Yeshurun, Y. (10. January 1996).
Face Recognition by Supervised/Unsupervised Hybrid Network
Pattern Recognition Letters, 17(1):67-76.

86. IpChan96.

Ip, H.H.S. and Chan, C.S. (1996).
Script-based facial gesture and speech animation using a NURBS based face model
Computers and Graphics, 20(6):881-891.

87. JiaNixo94.

Jia, X. and Nixon, M.S. (1. June 1994).
Analysing front view face profiles for face recognition via the Walsh transform
Pattern Recognition Letters, 15(6):551-558.

88. JiaNixo95.

Jia, X. and Nixon, M.S. (December 1995).
Extending the Feature Vector for Automatic Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 17(12):1167-1176.

89. KameShenWong+93.

Kamel, M.S., Shen, H.C., Wong, A.K.C., and Campeanu, R.I. (1993).
System for the recognition of human faces
IBM Systems Journal, 32(2):307-320.

90. KameShenWong+94

Kamel, M.S., Shen, H.C., Wong, A.K.C., Hong, T.M., and Campeanu, R.I. (1. September 1994).
Face recognition using perspective invariant features
Pattern Recognition Letters, 15(9):877-883.

91. KaneKoikHato91.

Kaneko, M., Koike, A., and Hatori, Y. (1991).
Coding of facial image sequence based on a 3-D model of the head and motion detection
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 2(1):39-54.

92. KangChenHsu94.

Kang, C.Y., Chen, Y.S., and Hsu, W.H. (1994).
Automatic approach to mapping a lifelike 2.5D human face
Image and Vision Computing, 12:5-14.

93. KangYounPark98.

Kang, S.Y., Young, K.H., and Park, R.H. (March 1998).
Hybrid approaches to frontal view face recognition using the hidden Markov model and neural network
Pattern Recognition, 31(3):283-293.

94. KaufBree76

Kaufman Jr., G.J. and Breeding, K.J. (1976).
The automatic recognition of human faces from profile silhouettes
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 6(2):113-121.

95. KervDavoPere+97.

Kervrann, C., Davoine, F., Perez, P., Forchheimer, R., and Labit, C. (1. September 1997).
Generalized Likelihood Ratio-Based Face Detection and extraction of Mouth Features
Pattern Recognition Letters, 18(9):899-912.

96. KirbSiro90

Kirby, M. and Sirovich, L. (January 1990).
Application of the Karhunen-Loève Procedure for the Characterization of Human Faces
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 12(1):103-108.

97. KotrTefaPita00.

Kotropoulos, C., Tefas, A., and Pitas, I. (March 2000).
Frontal face authentication using discriminating grids with morphological feature vectors
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 2(1):14-26.

98. KotrTefaPita00a.

Kotropoulos, C., Tefas, A., and Pitas, I. (April 2000 a).
Frontal face authentication using morphological elastic graph matching
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 9(4):555-560.

99. KotrTefaPita00b.

Kotropoulos, C., Tefas, A., and Pitas, I. (October 2000 b).
Morphological elastic graph matching applied to frontal face authentication under well-controlled and real conditions
Pattern Recognition, 33(12):31-43.

100. Krüg97

Krüger, N. (July 1997).
An Algorithm for the Learning of Weights in Discrimination Functions Using A Priori Constraints
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):764-768.
(.de-paper.ps.gz)

101. KrügPötzVDMals97

Krüger, N., Pötzsch, M., and von der Malsburg, C. (1997).
Determination of Face Position and Pose with a Learned Representation Based on Labelled Graphs
Image and Vision Computing, 15:665-673.
(.de-paper.ps.gz)

102. LadeVorbBuhm+93

Lades, M., Vorbrüggen, J.C., Buhmann, J., Lange, J., von der Malsburg, C., Würtz, R.P., and Konen, W. (March 1993).
Distortion Invariant Object Recognition in the Dynamic Link Architecture
IEEE Transactions on Computers, 42(3):300-311.
(.de-abstract.html, .de-paper.ps.gz)

103. LandEdel95

Lando, M. and Edelman, S. (1995).
Receptive Field Spaces and Class-Based Generalization from a Single View in Face Recognition
Network: Computation in Neural Systems, 6:551-576.
(.il-paper.ps.Z)

104. LaniTaylCoot94.

Lanitis, A., Taylor, C.J., and Cootes, T.F. (1994).
Automatic Tracking, Coding and Reconstruction of Human Faces Using Flexible Appearance Models
Electronics Letters, 30(19):1578-1579.

105. LaniTaylCoot95

Lanitis, A., Taylor, C.J., and Cootes, T.F. (1995).
Automatic Face Identification System Using Flexible Appearance Models
Image and Vision Computing, 13(5):393-401.

106. LaniTaylCoot97

Lanitis, A., Taylor, C.J., and Cootes, T.F. (1997).
Automatic Interpretation and Coding of Face Images Using Flexible Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):743-756.

107. LawrGileTsoi+98.

Lawrence, S., Giles, C.L., Tsoi, A.C., and Back, A.D. (1998).
Face Recognition: A Convolutional Neural Network Approach
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 8(1):98-113.

108. LeeKimPark96.

Lee, C.H., Kim, J.S., and Park, K.H. (1996).
Automatic Human Face Location in a Complex Background Using Motion and Color Information
Pattern Recognition, 29(11):1877-1889.

109. LeeSeonPark93.

Lee, C.H., Seong, D.S., and Park, K.H. (1993).
Face recognition using self-organizing map
Journal of the Korea Information Science Society, 20(11):1730-1738.

110. LeeHamPark96.

Lee, S.Y., Ham, Y.K., and Park, R.H. (1996).
Recognition of human front faces using knowledge-based feature extraction and neuro-fuzzy algorithm
Pattern Recognition, 29(11):1863-1876.

111. LiForc94.

Li, H.Y. and Forchheimer, R. (1994).
Two-View Facial Movement Estimation
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 4(3):276-287.

112. LiQiaoPsal93.

Li, H.Y., Qiao, Y., and Psaltis, D. (1993).
Optical network for real-time face recognition
Applied Optics, 32(26):5026-5035.

113. LiRoivForc93.

Li, H.Y., Roivainen, P., and Forchheimer, R. (1993).
3-D Motion Estimation in Model-Based Facial Image Coding
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 15(6):545-555.

114. LinKungLin97.

Lin, S.H., Kung, S.Y., and Lin, L.J. (1997).
Face Recognition/Detection by Probabilistic Decision-Based Neural Network
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 8(1):114-132.

115. Luca97.

Lucas, S.M. (1997).
The continuous N-tuple classifier and its application to face recognition
Electronics Letters, 33:1676-1678.
(.uk-paper.ps)

116. MagnPrimThal88.

Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Primeau, E., and Thalmann, D. (1988).
Abstract muscle action procedures for human face animation
The Visual Computer, 3(5):290-297.

117. Mase91.

Mase, K. (1991).
Recognition of facial expression from optical flow
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118. MasePent91.

Mase, K. and Pentland, A.P. (1991).
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119. MKennGongRaja98.

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120. MenoBoud94.

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An automatic face recognition system using the adaptive clustering network
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121. Mido88.

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Face pattern identification by back propagation learning procedure
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122. MoghPent97

Moghaddam, B. and Pentland, A.P. (1997).
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123. MoriHara91.

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124. MuLiForc96.

Mu, F., Li, H.Y., and Forchheimer, R. (23. May 1996).
Automatic Extraction of Human Facial Features
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125. MuraKoshNaka+93.

Murakami, K., Koshimizu, H., Nakayama, A., and Fukumura, T. (1993).
Facial caricaturing based on visual illusion - a mechanism to evaluate carricature in picasso system
IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems (D), E76-D:470-478.

126. NakaMathMina91.

Nakamura, O., Mathur, S., and Minami, T. (1991).
Identification of human faces based on isodensity maps
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127. OToolAbdiDeff+91a.

O'Toole, A.J., Abdi, H., Deffenbacher, K.A., and Bertlett, J.C. (1991 a).
Simulating the `other-race effect' as a problem in perceptual learning
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128. OToolAbdiDeff+93

O'Toole, A.J., Abdi, H., Deffenbacher, K.A., and Valentin, D. (1993).
Low-Dimensional Representation of Faces in Higher Dimensions of the Face Space
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129. OToolDeffAbdi+91.

O'Toole, A.J., Deffenbacher, K.A., Abdi, H., and Bartlett, J.C. (1991).
Simulating the other race effect
Connection Science, 3:163-178.

130. OToolDeffVale+94.

O'Toole, A.J., Deffenbacher, K.A., Valentin, D., and Abdi, H. (1994).
Structural Aspects of Face Recognition and the Other-Race Effect
Memory and Cognition, 22(2):208-224.

131. OToolMillAnde88.

O'Toole, A.J., Millward, R.B., and Anderson, J.A. (1988).
A physical system approach to recognition memory for spatially transformed faces
Neural Networks, 1:179-199.

132. OToolThom93.

O'Toole, A.J. and Thompson, J.L. (1993).
An XWindows tool for synthesizing face images from eigenvectors
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133. Park75.

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134. Park82.

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135. Pate95.

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136. Pear92

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137. PeneAtic96

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138. Phil98.

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139. PhilWechHuan+98

Phillips, P.J., Wechsler, H., Huang, J.S., and Rauss, P.J. (1998).
The FERET Database and Evaluation Procedure for Face-Recognition Algorithms
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140. PigeVand98.

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Image-based Multimodal Face Authentication
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141. PlatBadl81.

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142. Pres65.

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143. ReinVBeekSank+95.

Reinders, M.J.T., van Beek, P.J.L., Sankur, B., and van der Lubbe, J.C.A. (28. March 1995).
Facial feature localization and adaptation of a generic face model for model-based coding
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144. Rhod88.

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145. Robe88.

Robertson, B. (1988).
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146. Robe92.

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147. Robe98.

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148. RobeCraw94.

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149. RoseYacoDavi96.

Rosenblum, M., Yacoob, Y., and Davis, L.S. (1996).
Human Expression Recognition from Motion Using a Radial Basis Function Network Architecture
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150. RowlPerr95.

Rowland, D. and Perrett, D.I. (1995).
Manipulationg Facial Appearance through Shape and Color
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151. RowlBaluKana98.

Rowley, H.A., Baluja, S., and Kanade, T. (January 1998).
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152. SabeTeka98.

Saber, E. and Tekalp, A.M. (30. June 1998).
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153. SakaNagaKido71

Sakai, T., Nagao, M., and Kidode, M. (1971).
Processing of Multilevel Pictures by Computer - The Case of Photographs of Human Face
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154. SamaIyen92

Samal, A. and Iyengar, P.A. (1992).
Automatic Recognition and Analysis of Human Faces and Facial Expressions: A Survey
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155. SamaYoun94.

Samaria, F. and Young, S. (1994).
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Image and Vision Computing, 12(8):537-543.

156. SchrRousTibe91.

Schreiber, A., Rousset, S., and Tiberghien, G. (1991).
Facenet: A connectionist model of face identification in context
European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3(1):177-198.

157. Sefe91.

Seferidis, V. (1991).
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Electronics Letters, 27(24):2226-2228..

158. SiroKirb87

Sirovich, L. and Kirby, M. (1987).
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J. of the Optical Society of America A, 4(3):519-524.

159. SoboPita97.

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160. SoboPita98.

Sobottka, K. and Pitas, I. (15. June 1998).
A novel method for automatic face segmentation, facial feature extraction and tracking
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161. SpacKubaFlot94.

Spacek, L., Kubat, M., and Flotzinger, D. (1994).
Face Recognition Through Learned Boundary Characteristics
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162. Stri93.

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163. SungPogg97.

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164. Taká98.

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165. TakáWech97.

Takács, B. and Wechsler, H. (October 1997).
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166. Tayl67.

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167. TerzWate90.

Terzopoulos, D. and Waters, K. (1990).
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168. TerzWate93

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169. TurkPent91

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170. ValeAbdi96

Valentin, D. and Abdi, H. (1996).
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171. ValeAbdiEdel97.

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172. ValeAbdiEdel+96.

Valentin, D., Abdi, H., Edelman, B.E., and Nijdam, A. (1996).
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173. ValeAbdiEdel+97.

Valentin, D., Abdi, H., Edelman, B.E., and O'Toole, A.J. (1997).
Principal Component and Neural Network Analyses of Face Images: What Can Be Generalized in Gender Classification?
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174. ValeAbdiOTool94.

Valentin, D., Abdi, H., and O'Toole, A.J. (1994).
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175. ValeAbdiOTool+94

Valentin, D., Abdi, H., O'Toole, A.J., and Cottrell, G.W. (1994).
Connectionist Models of Face Processing: A Survey
Pattern Recognition, 27(9):1209-1230.
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176. VannPilgBhat+91.

Vannier, M.W., Pilgram, T., Bhatia, G., and Brunsden, B. (November 1991).
Facial surface scanner
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177. Vett98

Vetter, T. (1998).
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178. VettHurlPogg95

Vetter, T., Hurlbert, A., and Poggio, T. (1995).
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179. VettPogg97

Vetter, T. and Poggio, T. (July 1997).
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180. VettTroj97

Vetter, T. and Troje, N.F. (1997).
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181. VezjKoroGyer+91.

Vezjak, M., Korosec, J., Gyergyek, L., Pavesic, N., Savsek, T., Erjavc, I., and Gere, A. (1991).
The automated analysis of a human face from the grey level pictures
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182. VezjStef94.

Vezjak, M. and Stefancic, M. (1994).
An anthropological model for automatic recognition of the male human face
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183. WaitVinc92.

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184. WaitWels90.

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185. Wate87.

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186. WateTerz91.

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187. WateTerz92.

Waters, K. and Terzopoulos, D. (1992).
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 335:87-93.

188. Wels91.

Welsh, W.J. (1991).
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190. Wisk97

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191. Wisk99

Wiskott, L. (15. January 1999).
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192. WiskFellKrüg+97

Wiskott, L., Fellous, J.M., Krüger, N., and von der Malsburg, C. (July 1997).
Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):775-779.
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193. Wood97

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Biometrics: Privacy's Foe or Privacy's Friend?
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194. WuHuan90.

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Human face profile recognition by computer
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195. Würt97

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Object Recognition Robust Under Translations, Deformations, and Changes in Background
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):769-775.
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196. YacoDavi94.

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197. YacoDavi96.

Yacoob, Y. and Davis, L.S. (June 1996).
Recognizing human facial expressions from long image sequences using optical flow
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198. YangHuan94.

Yang, G.Z. and Huang, T.S. (1994).
Human face detection in a complex background
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199. YauDuff88.

Yau, J.F.S. and Duffy, N.D. (1988).
A texture mapping approach to 3-D facial image synthesis
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200. YounBurt99.

Young, A.W. and Burton, A.M. (1. February 1999).
Simulating face recognition: Implications for modelling cognition
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201. Yuil91

Yuille, A.L. (1991).
Deformable Templates for Face Recognition
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202. YuilHallCohe92.

Yuille, A.L., Hallinan, P.W., and Cohen, D.S. (1992).
Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates
International Journal of Computer Vision, 8(2):99-111.

203. ZhanYanLade97

Zhang, J., Yan, Y., and Lades, M. (September 1997).
Face Recognition: Eigenface, Elastic Matching, and Neural Nets
Proceedings of the IEEE, 85(9):1423-1435.

204. ZhanFulc96.

Zhang, M. and Fulcher, J. (1996).
Face Recognition Using Artificial Neural Network Group-Based Adaptive Tolerance (GAT) Trees
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 7(3):555-567.

Author Index

320 authors, 49 (15%) with homepage. First author references are printed boldface.

Year Index

Journal Index

The numbers in the columns `R', `A', and `P' indicate the year from which on you can expect to find online references, abstracts, and papers, respectively. A '?' indicates documents, that may be accessible only to subscribers.

81 journals, 29 (35%) with homepage.