Scope: This bibliography contains references to algorithms for face analysis and the interpretation of facial expressions.

Support level: Low - 1999. This bibliography is not well supported. It contains references to papers I happened to have and references I came across while maintaining other bibliographies.

Publication types: All. This bibliography may also contain non-journal references, which are shown in grey and are not included in the bibtex file. Red titles indicate survey articles.

Online papers: An 'A' or 'P' (or 'T' for text only) after a reference link indicates that it leads to an abstract or full paper, respectively. Upper case letters refer to online documents provided by a journal, which might be accessible only to subscribers (indicated by a '?'). Lower case letters refer to online documents provided by an author. Also the links at the end of the references are differentiated in this way by upper and lower case letters at the beginning of the words 'abstract.html' etc. and by a '?', if the corresponding document is only accessible to subscribers. The site location is indicated by a preceding .uk, .com, etc.

BibTeX: A bibtex file for the journal article references is also available (compressed and uncompressed).

Feedback: Please feel free to send me any kind of feedback about this bibliography.

Related Resources

• Bibliography Face Processing (a superset of this bibliography)
• Bibliography Facial Feature Finding
• Bibliography Face Coding and Animation
• Bibliography Face Recognition
• Facial Analysis page at UCSC

References

1. AbdiValeEdel+95.

Abdi, H., Valentin, D., Edelman, B.E., and O'Toole, A.J. (1995).
More about the difference between men and women: Evidence from linear neural networks and the principal component approach
Perception, 24:539-562.
(.edu-paper.ps, .fr-paper.ps)

2. AradDynReis+94.

Arad, N., Dyn, N., Reisfeld, D., and Yeshurun, Y. (1994).
Image Warping by Radial Basis Functions: Application to Facial Expressions
Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing: Graphical Models and Image Processing, 56(2):161-172.

3. BartHageEkma+99.

Bartlett, M.S., Hager, J.C., Ekman, P., and Sejnowski, T.J. (1999).
Measuring facial expressions by computer image analysis
Psychophysiology, 36(2):253-263.
(.edu-abstract.html)

4. BartViolSejn+96

Bartlett, M.S., Viola, P., Sejnowski, T.J., Golomb, B.A., Larsen, J., Hager, J.C., and Ekman, P. (1996).
Classifying facial action
Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 8, Eds. D. Touretzky, M. Mozer, and M. Hasselmo, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 823-829.
(.edu-paper.ps.Z)

5. BlacYaco97.

Black, M.J. and Yacoob, Y. (1997).
Recognizing facial expressions in image sequences using local parameterized models of image motion
International Journal of Computer Vision, 25(1):23-48.

6. BrucBurtHann+93.

Bruce, V., Burton, A.M., Hanna, E., Healey, P., Mason, O., Coombes, A.M., Fright, R., and Linney, A.D. (1993).
Sex discrimination: How do we tell the difference between male and female faces?
Perception, 22:131-152.

7. BrunPogg93b

Brunelli, R. and Poggio, T. (1993 b).
Caricatural effects in automated face perception
Biological Cybernetics, 69(3):235-241.

8. BurtBrucDenc93

Burton, A.M., Bruce, V., and Dench, N. (1993).
What's the difference between men and women? Evidence from facial measurement
Perception, 22:153-176.

9. CohnZlocLien+99.

Cohn, J.F., Zlochower, A., Lien, J.J.J., and Kanade, T. (1999).
Automated face analysis by feature point tracking has high concurrent validity with manual FACS coding
Psychophysiology, 36(1):35-43.
(.gov-abstract, .edu-paper.pdf)

10. CottMetc91

Cottrell, G.W. and Metcalfe, J. (1991).
EMPATH: Face, emotion, and gender recognition using holons
Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 3, Ed. D. Touretzky, San Mateo: Morgan & Kaufman, pp. 564-571.

11. EdelValeAbdi98.

Edelman, B.E., Valentin, D., and Abdi, H. (1998).
Sex Classification of Face Areas: How Well Can a Linear Neural Network Predict Human Performance?
Journal of Biological Systems, 6:241-264.
(.fr-paper.ps, .edu-paper.ps)

12. EiseGiro98.

Eisert, P. and Girod, B. (1998).
Analyzing Facial Expression for Virtual Conferencing
IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications, 18(5).

13. EssaPent97

Essa, I.A. and Pentland, A.P. (1997).
Coding, Analysis, Interpretation, and Recognition of Facial Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):757-763.
(.edu-paper.ps.Z)

14. Fell97.

Fellous, J.M. (1997).
Gender Discrimination and Prediction on the Basis of Facial Metric Information
Vision Research, 37(14):1961-1973.

15. GoloLawrSejn91

Golomb, B.A., Lawrence, D.T., and Sejnowski, T.J. (1991).
SEXNET: A neural network identifies sex from human faces
Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 3, Eds. Touretzky, Lippman, San Mateo, CA, Morgan Kaufmann.

16. GrayLawrGolo+95

Gray, M.S., Lawrence, D.T., Golomb, B.A., and Sejnowski, T.J. (November 1995).
A perceptron reveals the face of sex
Neural Computation, 7(6):1160-1164.
(.edu-abstract, .edu-paper.ps.Z)

17. HuanChen92.

Huang, C.L. and Chen, C.W. (1992).
Human facial feature extraction for face interpretation and recognition
Pattern Recognition, 25(12):1435-1444.

18. Mase91.

Mase, K. (1991).
Recognition of facial expression from optical flow
IEICE Transactions on Communications (B), E-74(10):3474-3483.

19. MasePent91.

Mase, K. and Pentland, A.P. (1991).
Automatic lipreading by optical-flow analysis
Systems and Computers in Japan, 22(6):67-76.

20. OToolAbdiDeff+91a.

O'Toole, A.J., Abdi, H., Deffenbacher, K.A., and Bertlett, J.C. (1991 a).
Simulating the `other-race effect' as a problem in perceptual learning
Connection Science, 3:163-178.

21. OToolAbdiDeff+91b

O'Toole, A.J., Abdi, H., Deffenbacher, K.A., and Bertlett, J.C. (1991 b).
Classifying faces by race and sex using an autoassociative memory trained for recognition
Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Eds. K.J. Hammond and D. Gentner, Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum.

22. OToolAbdiDeff+93

O'Toole, A.J., Abdi, H., Deffenbacher, K.A., and Valentin, D. (1993).
Low-Dimensional Representation of Faces in Higher Dimensions of the Face Space
J. of the Optical Society of America A, 10(3):405-411.
(.edu-paper.ps, .edu-paper.ps, .fr-paper.ps)

23. OToolDeffAbdi+91.

O'Toole, A.J., Deffenbacher, K.A., Abdi, H., and Bartlett, J.C. (1991).
Simulating the other race effect
Connection Science, 3:163-178.

24. OToolDeffVale+94.

O'Toole, A.J., Deffenbacher, K.A., Valentin, D., and Abdi, H. (1994).
Structural Aspects of Face Recognition and the Other-Race Effect
Memory and Cognition, 22(2):208-224.

25. Rhod88.

Rhodes, G. (1988).
Looking at faces: First-order and second-order features as determinants of facial appearance
Perception, 17:43-63.

26. RoseYacoDavi96.

Rosenblum, M., Yacoob, Y., and Davis, L.S. (1996).
Human Expression Recognition from Motion Using a Radial Basis Function Network Architecture
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 7(5):1121-1138.

27. SamaIyen92

Samal, A. and Iyengar, P.A. (1992).
Automatic Recognition and Analysis of Human Faces and Facial Expressions: A Survey
Pattern Recognition, 25(1):65-77.

28. TerzWate90.

Terzopoulos, D. and Waters, K. (1990).
Physically-based facial modelling, analysis, and animation
The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation, 1(2):73-80.

29. TerzWate93

Terzopoulos, D. and Waters, K. (1993).
Analysis and Synthesis of Facial Image Sequences Using Physical and Anatomical Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 15(6):569-579.

30. ValeAbdiEdel+97.

Valentin, D., Abdi, H., Edelman, B.E., and O'Toole, A.J. (1997).
Principal Component and Neural Network Analyses of Face Images: What Can Be Generalized in Gender Classification?
Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 41:398-412.
(.fr-abstract.html, .edu-paper.ps)

31. ValeAbdiOTool+94

Valentin, D., Abdi, H., O'Toole, A.J., and Cottrell, G.W. (1994).
Connectionist Models of Face Processing: A Survey
Pattern Recognition, 27(9):1209-1230.
(.edu-paper.ps, .fr-paper.ps)

32. VezjKoroGyer+91.

Vezjak, M., Korosec, J., Gyergyek, L., Pavesic, N., Savsek, T., Erjavc, I., and Gere, A. (1991).
The automated analysis of a human face from the grey level pictures
Digital Signal Processing, :473-477.

33. Wisk97

Wiskott, L. (1997).
Phantom Faces for Face Analysis
Pattern Recognition, 30(6):837-846.
(.de-abstract.html, .de-paper.ps.gz)

34. YacoDavi96.

Yacoob, Y. and Davis, L.S. (June 1996).
Recognizing human facial expressions from long image sequences using optical flow
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 18(6):636-642.

Author Index

62 authors, 22 (35%) with homepage. First author references are printed boldface.

Year Index

Journal Index

The numbers in the columns `R', `A', and `P' indicate the year from which on you can expect to find online references, abstracts, and papers, respectively. A '?' indicates documents, that may be accessible only to subscribers.

20 journals, 12 (60%) with homepage.