Scope: This bibliography contains references to algorithms for the coding and animation of faces.

Support level: Low - 1998. This bibliography is not well supported. It contains references to papers I happened to have and references I came across while maintaining other bibliographies.

Publication types: All. This bibliography may also contain non-journal references, which are shown in grey and are not included in the bibtex file. Red titles indicate survey articles.

Online papers: An 'A' or 'P' (or 'T' for text only) after a reference link indicates that it leads to an abstract or full paper, respectively. Upper case letters refer to online documents provided by a journal, which might be accessible only to subscribers (indicated by a '?'). Lower case letters refer to online documents provided by an author. Also the links at the end of the references are differentiated in this way by upper and lower case letters at the beginning of the words 'abstract.html' etc. and by a '?', if the corresponding document is only accessible to subscribers. The site location is indicated by a preceding .uk, .com, etc.

BibTeX: A bibtex file for the journal article references is also available (compressed and uncompressed).

Feedback: Please feel free to send me any kind of feedback about this bibliography.

Related Resources

• Bibliography Face Processing (a superset of this bibliography)
• Bibliography Facial Feature Finding
• Bibliography Face Analysis
• Bibliography Face Recognition
• Facial Analysis page at UCSC

References

1. AizaHaraSait89.

Aizawa, K., Harashima, H., and Saito, T. (1989).
Model-based analysis synthesis image coding (MBASIC) system for a person's face
Signal Processing: Image Communication, 1(2):139-152.

2. AkimSuenWall93

Akimoto, T., Suenaga, Y., and Wallace, R.S. (1993).
Automatic Creation of 3D Facial Models
IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications, 13(3):16-22.

3. AradDynReis+94.

Arad, N., Dyn, N., Reisfeld, D., and Yeshurun, Y. (1994).
Image Warping by Radial Basis Functions: Application to Facial Expressions
Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing: Graphical Models and Image Processing, 56(2):161-172.

4. AraiKuriAnjy96.

Arai, K., Kurihara, T., and Anjyo, K.I. (1996).
Bilinear interpolation for facial expression and metamorphosis in real-time animation
The Visual Computer, 12(3):105-116.

5. AticGrifRedl96

Atick, J.J., Griffin, P.A., and Redlich, A.N. (15. August 1996).
Statistical Approach to Shape from Shading: Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Face Surfaces from Single Two-Dimensional Images
Neural Computation, 8(6):1321-1340.
(.edu-text.ps.Z, .edu-figures.tar.Z)

6. BensPerr93.

Benson, P.J. and Perrett, D.I. (1993).
Extracting prototypical facial images from exemplars
Perception, 22:257-262.
(.uk-abstract.html)

7. BeymPogg96

Beymer, D. and Poggio, T. (28. June 1996).
Image Representation for Visual Learning
Science, 272(5270):1905-1909.
(.org-abstract)

8. BichPent94.

Bichsel, M. and Pentland, A.P. (1994).
Human face recognition and the face image set's topology
Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing: Image Understanding, 59(2):254-261.

9. BozdTekaOnur94.

Bozdagi, G., Tekalp, A.M., and Onural, L. (1994).
3-D Motion Estimation and Wireframe Model Adaptation Including Photometric Effects for Model-Based Coding of Facial Image Sequences
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 4(3):246-257.

10. BrucCoomRich93.

Bruce, V., Coombes, A.M., and Richards, R. (1993).
Describing the shapes of faces using surface primitives
Image and Vision Computing, 11(6):353-363.

11. Bruv96.

Bruvel, G. (1996).
Making faces
Computer Graphics World, 19(1):66-69.

12. ChoiAizaHara+94

Choi, C.S., Aizawa, K., Harashima, H., and Takebe, T. (1994).
Analysis and Synthesis of Facial Image Sequences in Model-Based Image Coding
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 4(3):257-275.

13. CoheMass90.

Cohen, M.M. and Massaro, D.W. (1990).
Synthesis of Visible Speech
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 22(2):260-263.

14. CoomMossLinn+91.

Coombes, A.M., Moss, J.P., Linney, A.D., Richards, R., and Jasmes, D.R. (1991).
A mathematical method for the comparison of three-dimensional changes in the facial surface
European Journal of Orthodontics, 13:95-110.

15. DuffYau88.

Duffy, N.D. and Yau, J.F.S. (1988).
Facial image reconstruction and manipulation from measurements obtained using a structured lighting technique
Pattern Recognition Letters, 7:239-243.

16. EiseGiro98.

Eisert, P. and Girod, B. (1998).
Analyzing Facial Expression for Virtual Conferencing
IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications, 18(5).

17. EssaPent97

Essa, I.A. and Pentland, A.P. (1997).
Coding, Analysis, Interpretation, and Recognition of Facial Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):757-763.
(.edu-paper.ps.Z)

18. FiscElsc71.

Fischler, M.A. and Elschlager, R.A. (1971).
The representation and matching of pictorial structures
IEEE Transactions on Computers, 22(1).

19. ForcKron89.

Forchheimer, R. and Kronander, T. (1989).
Image Coding - From Waveforms to Animation
IEEE Transactions on Acoust. Speech and Signal Process., 37(12):2008-2023.

20. FukuMura93.

Fukuhara, T. and Murakami, T. (1993).
3-D motion estimation of human head for model-based image coding
IEE Proceedings I (Communications, Speech and Vision), 140(1):26-35.

21. HaraAizaSait89.

Harashima, H., Aizawa, K., and Saito, T. (1989).
Model-based analysis synthesis coding of videotelephone images
Transactions Of the Institute of Electronics and Communication Engineers of Japan, E-72(5):452-459.

22. IpChan96.

Ip, H.H.S. and Chan, C.S. (1996).
Script-based facial gesture and speech animation using a NURBS based face model
Computers and Graphics, 20(6):881-891.

23. KaneKoikHato91.

Kaneko, M., Koike, A., and Hatori, Y. (1991).
Coding of facial image sequence based on a 3-D model of the head and motion detection
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 2(1):39-54.

24. KangChenHsu94.

Kang, C.Y., Chen, Y.S., and Hsu, W.H. (1994).
Automatic approach to mapping a lifelike 2.5D human face
Image and Vision Computing, 12:5-14.

25. KirbSiro90

Kirby, M. and Sirovich, L. (January 1990).
Application of the Karhunen-Loève Procedure for the Characterization of Human Faces
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 12(1):103-108.

26. LaniTaylCoot94.

Lanitis, A., Taylor, C.J., and Cootes, T.F. (1994).
Automatic Tracking, Coding and Reconstruction of Human Faces Using Flexible Appearance Models
Electronics Letters, 30(19):1578-1579.

27. LiForc94.

Li, H.Y. and Forchheimer, R. (1994).
Two-View Facial Movement Estimation
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 4(3):276-287.

28. LiRoivForc93.

Li, H.Y., Roivainen, P., and Forchheimer, R. (1993).
3-D Motion Estimation in Model-Based Facial Image Coding
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 15(6):545-555.

29. MagnPrimThal88.

Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Primeau, E., and Thalmann, D. (1988).
Abstract muscle action procedures for human face animation
The Visual Computer, 3(5):290-297.

30. MKennGongRaja98.

McKenna, S., Gong, S., and Raja, Y. (1. December 1998).
Modelling Facial Colour and Identity with Gaussian Mixtures
Pattern Recognition, 31(12):1883-1892.

31. MoriHara91.

Morishima, S. and Harashima, H. (1991).
A media conversion from speech to facial image for intelligent man-machine interface
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 9(4):594-599.

32. MuraKoshNaka+93.

Murakami, K., Koshimizu, H., Nakayama, A., and Fukumura, T. (1993).
Facial caricaturing based on visual illusion - a mechanism to evaluate carricature in picasso system
IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems (D), E76-D:470-478.

33. OToolAbdiDeff+93

O'Toole, A.J., Abdi, H., Deffenbacher, K.A., and Valentin, D. (1993).
Low-Dimensional Representation of Faces in Higher Dimensions of the Face Space
J. of the Optical Society of America A, 10(3):405-411.
(.edu-paper.ps, .edu-paper.ps, .fr-paper.ps)

34. OToolThom93.

O'Toole, A.J. and Thompson, J.L. (1993).
An XWindows tool for synthesizing face images from eigenvectors
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 25(1):41-47.

35. Park75.

Parke, F.I. (1975).
A model for human faces that allows speech synchronized animation
Computers and Graphics, 1:3-4.

36. Park82.

Parke, F.I. (1982).
Parameterized models for facial animation
IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications, 2(9):61-68..

37. Pate95.

Patel, M. (1995).
Colouration Issues in Computer Generated Facial Animation
Computer Graphics Forum, 14(2):117-126.

38. Pear92

Pearson, D. (1992).
The Extraction and Use of Facial Features in Low Bit-Rate Visual Communication
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 335:79-85.

39. PeneAtic96

Penev, P.S. and Atick, J.J. (1996).
Local Feature Analysis: A general statistical theory for object representation
Network: Computation in Neural Systems, 7(3):477-500.

40. PlatBadl81.

Platt, S. and Badler, N. (1981).
Animating facial expressions
ACM Computer Graphics, 15(3):245-252.

41. ReinVBeekSank+95.

Reinders, M.J.T., van Beek, P.J.L., Sankur, B., and van der Lubbe, J.C.A. (28. March 1995).
Facial feature localization and adaptation of a generic face model for model-based coding
Signal Processing: Image Communication, 7(1):57-74.

42. Rhod88.

Rhodes, G. (1988).
Looking at faces: First-order and second-order features as determinants of facial appearance
Perception, 17:43-63.

43. Robe88.

Robertson, B. (1988).
Mike the Talking Head
Computer Graphics World, 11(7).

44. Robe92.

Robertson, B. (1992).
Moving Pictures
Computer Graphics World, 15(10):38.

45. Robe98.

Robertson, B. (1998).
Meet Geri: The New Face of Animation
Computer Graphics World, 21(2):20.

46. RowlPerr95.

Rowland, D. and Perrett, D.I. (1995).
Manipulationg Facial Appearance through Shape and Color
IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications, 15(5):70-76.
(.uk-paper.ps.gz)

47. Sefe91.

Seferidis, V. (1991).
Facial feature estimation for model-based coding
Electronics Letters, 27(24):2226-2228..

48. SiroKirb87

Sirovich, L. and Kirby, M. (1987).
Low-Dimensional Procedure for the Characterization of Human Faces
J. of the Optical Society of America A, 4(3):519-524.

49. TerzWate90.

Terzopoulos, D. and Waters, K. (1990).
Physically-based facial modelling, analysis, and animation
The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation, 1(2):73-80.

50. TerzWate93

Terzopoulos, D. and Waters, K. (1993).
Analysis and Synthesis of Facial Image Sequences Using Physical and Anatomical Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 15(6):569-579.

51. VannPilgBhat+91.

Vannier, M.W., Pilgram, T., Bhatia, G., and Brunsden, B. (November 1991).
Facial surface scanner
IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications, :72-80.

52. VettPogg97

Vetter, T. and Poggio, T. (July 1997).
Linear Object Classes and Image Synthesis From a Single Example Image
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):733-741.

53. VettTroj97

Vetter, T. and Troje, N.F. (1997).
Separation of Texture and Shape in Images of Faces for Image Coding and Synthesis
J. of the Optical Society of America A, 14(9):2152-2160.

54. Wate87.

Waters, K. (1987).
A muscle model for animating three-dimensional facial expression
ACM Computer Graphics, 21/22?(4):17-24.

55. WateTerz91.

Waters, K. and Terzopoulos, D. (1991).
Modelling and Animating Faces Using Scanned Data
The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation, 2(4):123-128.

56. WateTerz92.

Waters, K. and Terzopoulos, D. (1992).
The computer synthesis of expressive faces
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 335:87-93.

57. Wels91.

Welsh, W.J. (1991).
Model-based image coding of videophone images
Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, 3(1):29-36.

58. Will90.

Williams, L. (1990).
Performance-driven facial animation
Computers and Graphics, 24(4):235-242.

59. YauDuff88.

Yau, J.F.S. and Duffy, N.D. (1988).
A texture mapping approach to 3-D facial image synthesis
Computer Graphics Forum, 7(2):129-134.

Author Index

102 authors, 15 (14%) with homepage. First author references are printed boldface.

Year Index

Journal Index

The numbers in the columns `R', `A', and `P' indicate the year from which on you can expect to find online references, abstracts, and papers, respectively. A '?' indicates documents, that may be accessible only to subscribers.

31 journals, 9 (29%) with homepage.